South Africa saw a significant transition after Johan Merwe’s tenure which has reflected in the sustained democratic frontier, the country enjoys today, despite the challenges. Today we look at Johan Van der Merwe’s tenure where he served as Commissioner of the South African Police from 1990 to 1995, the final years of apartheid and the first year of democracy. A career police officer, he rose through the Security Branch and later commanded the force during South Africa’s negotiated transition. In 1996 he applied to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for amnesty, disclosing that he had authorized operations resulting in 21 deaths during the apartheid era, stating he acted “in the interest of the state.” His tenure coincided with some of the most violent periods of the transition, including ongoing conflict between security forces and anti-apartheid groups. 

The period of his leadership saw sharp tension between negotiation and violence. While Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk held talks from 1990 to 1993, SAP units were implicated in “Third Force” activity that targeted ANC supporters in townships like Boipatong, Sebokeng, and Thokoza. After the 1992 Boipatong Massacre left 45 people dead, Nelson Mandela suspended negotiations, saying the government did not control its security forces. The 1993 assassination of ANC leader Chris Hani deepened the crisis and underscored the gap between political talks and conditions on the ground. 

South Africa’s transition was ultimately settled at the ballot box. In April 1994, voters elected Nelson Mandela president with 62% of the vote. De Klerk became Deputy President in a Government of National Unity. To maintain stability, Nelson Mandela retained Van der Merwe as Police Commissioner for 12 months. Van der Merwe resigned in 1995 and was replaced by George Fivaz, who was tasked with reforming the SAP into the new South African Police Service. 

Nelson Mandela’s policy of “reconciliation without amnesia” shaped what followed. The TRC process granted amnesty in exchange for full disclosure, but political power changed through elections. Van der Merwe received amnesty for some acts and was denied for others. His testimony became part of the public record of apartheid-era policing. South Africa’s move to democracy was defined by that broader shift from the old security system to a constitutional order chosen by voters.

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In a relentless act of defiance against apartheid, an estimated 3,000 delegates from across South Africa convened at Kliptown in 1955 for the Congress of the People, a multiracial assembly that produced the Freedom Charter, a 10-point blueprint for a democratic, non-racial nation.

Organized by the Congress Alliance, the African National Congress (ANC), South African Indian Congress, Coloured People’s Congress, Congress of Democrats, and South African Congress of Trade Unions, the Congress which took place from 25th to 26th June 1955, took months of nationwide campaigning. Organizers collected thousands of “freedom demands” from townships, farms, factories, and churches as apartheid laws intensified in the 1950s.

“The people themselves must decide the kind of South Africa they want,” Alliance leaders stated. Delegates — black, white, Indian, and coloured — debated and adopted the Charter clause by clause.

The Freedom Charter Demands:
1. The People Shall Govern — universal suffrage for all. 

2. All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights — end to racial discrimination. 

3. The People Shall Share in the Country’s Wealth — mines, banks, and monopoly industry to be transferred to the people; land re-divided among those who work it. 

4. The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It — end to forced removals. 

5. Equality Before the Law— courts not based on race. 

6. Equal Human Rights — freedom of speech, movement, assembly. 

7. Work and Security — 40-hour week, minimum wage, unemployment benefits. 

8. Doors of Learning and Culture Shall Be Opened — free, compulsory education; end to Bantu Education. 

9. Houses, Security and Comfort — slums abolished, decent housing for all. 

10. Peace and Friendship — South Africa to respect rights of all nations.

ANC leader Nelson Mandela hailed the Charter as the “lodestar” of the struggle, saying it proved South Africa belongs to all who live in it;  a direct rejection of apartheid’s “whites-only” vision.

The gathering proceeded under heavy police watch. On the second day, armed officers surrounded the venue, recorded names, and dispersed delegates. Authorities branded the Charter “communist” and banned it.

The aftermath was swift. In December 1956, police launched nationwide raids, arresting 156 leaders on charges of high treason for their role in the Congress. Nelson Mandela was among those arrested. Though banned from attending Kliptown under government restriction orders, Mandela helped plan the Congress and draft the Charter. He and others faced the Treason Trial.

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When Nelson Mandela took office on 10 May 1994, South Africa did not only get its first Black president. It also got its first Government of National Unity, a multi-party cabinet born from negotiation rather than revolution.

The rules that produced it were forged at CODESA, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa. From 1991 to 1993, ANC negotiator Cyril Ramaphosa and National Party minister Roelf Meyer drafted an interim constitution. The key compromise was that for five years after 1994, any party with more than five percent of the vote would receive cabinet seats in proportion to its support. That clause compelled a multi-party government and was the price of averting civil war. Ramaphosa’s CODESA team traded amnesty and power-sharing for a peaceful election.

Nelson Mandela’s 1994 cabinet reflected that deal. He served as President alongside two Deputy Presidents, Thabo Mbeki of the ANC and F.W. de Klerk of the National Party. The National Party’s Pik Botha retained the Foreign Affairs portfolio while Derek Keys continued as Finance Minister. Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi was appointed Minister of Home Affairs, despite years of bloody conflict between the IFP and ANC. Six of Mandela’s twenty-seven ministers were white and three came from opposition parties. The message was clear: reconciliation would be institutional, not merely symbolic.

Nelson Mandela’s own path to that cabinet began with his arrest in 1962 near Howick. He was detained while driving without a passport after returning from secret trips to Ethiopia and Algeria where he had arranged military training for Umkhonto we Sizwe. The state had already sought him for leaving the country illegally and inciting strikes. His arrest led security police to Liliesleaf Farm, and the documents seized there triggered the Rivonia Trial in 1963. Mandela and nine others were charged with sabotage. His statement from the dock, “I am prepared to die,” turned the trial into a global platform against apartheid. The life sentence that followed made him the movement’s most recognized prisoner and, three decades later, its chief negotiator.

As president, Mandela resolved conflicts through direct engagement. When Afrikaner generals threatened a coup in 1994, he invited them to lunch and kept them in the new National Defence Force. When IFP supporters felt sidelined, he appointed Buthelezi to a senior ministry and visited Ulundi. When white South Africans feared retribution, he wore a Springbok jersey at the 1995 Rugby World Cup. His approach was to bring critics inside, grant them dignity, and avoid humiliation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission extended that logic, exchanging amnesty for truth rather than pursuing punitive justice.

The bottom line is that Mandela’s multi-party government was a masterclass in conflict management that ended political apartheid. But the economic terms agreed at CODESA meant the new South Africa inherited the old economy. When racism erupts today, it is not a sudden shock from a clear sky. It is the storm that was always on the radar.

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On 28th March 1994, less than a month before South Africa’s first democratic elections, the African National Congress headquarters became the epicentre of a crisis that threatened the Government of National Unity. Approximately 20,000 Inkatha Freedom Party supporters marched on Shell House in central Johannesburg to protest the 27th April poll, which IFP leader Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi had rejected in pursuit of constitutional recognition for a Zulu kingdom. As the demonstration reached the building, ANC security personnel inside opened fire from the headquarters. Nineteen people were killed, most of them IFP supporters, and thirty-one others were wounded. The ANC maintained that its guards had acted in self-defence against an armed attempt to storm the building, while the IFP denounced the incident as a premeditated massacre of unarmed protesters.

The killings immediately embroiled Deputy President FW de Klerk and the National Party, the former apartheid ruling party then governing in partnership with the ANC. Mr. De Klerk publicly alleged that the ANC had staged a “planned ambush” and demanded that Nelson Mandela dismiss his security chiefs and surrender the implicated guards for prosecution. The National Party invoked the incident to argue that the ANC could not be trusted with command of the state’s security forces, a position that intensified fears among white voters that majority rule would precipitate retribution. Mr. Mandela rejected the demands outright, stating that the guards had defended the headquarters and that he would not deliver his cadres to political opponents for vengeance.

The confrontation triggered the first major rupture within the Government of National Unity and jeopardised the fragile constitutional arrangements negotiated to end apartheid. With the election date approaching, the standoff raised the prospect of a collapse in the transitional process and a descent into wider civil conflict. The crisis underscored the fundamental distrust between former adversaries who were nonetheless compelled to share power during the interregnum.

Years later, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that ANC security had fired without warning and that the use of lethal force was not justifiable, holding the ANC politically accountable for the deaths. The Commission also found that some IFP marchers were armed and noted that thirteen people had died in related political violence elsewhere in Johannesburg earlier that day. No criminal prosecutions followed for either side. The Shell House massacre therefore remains a defining episode of South Africa’s transition, revealing the extent to which the imperatives of political stability and national reconciliation were ultimately deemed to outweigh the demands of retributive justice.

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The Conservative Party have ruled Great Britain for 14 years and will now be an opposition Party after loosing to the Labour Party whose Candidate, Keir Starmer took office from Friday, 5th July, 2024.

The Center Left Party’s Candidate has become the first Candidate to have a landslide victory to win their country’s election after Tony Blair who won thrice in a row since 1997.

The 58th General Elections for the British Anatomy had the Labour Party winning 411 seats, as the Conservative Party won 121 seats with the Liberal Democrats winning 71 seats to elect the 650 Members of Parliament. In 2019, the Conservative Party under Boris Johnson won with a landslide victory as the Government passed the Brexit agreement but it has been different this time.

Sir Keir Stammer has stated emphatically that he will work to fight antisemitism within the Labour Party as well as work to rebuild the nation as a while and bring stability to Britain. Sir Keir Stammer also thanked Rishi Sunak for all that he had accomplished during his tenure of office from October 2022 to July 2024.

Below are list of Prime Ministers from The British Anatomy, who have led their country since 1979.

1. Margaret Thatcher (May 1979 – Nov 1990)
2. John Major (1990-1997)
3. Tony Blair (May 1997- June 2007)
4. Gordon Brown (2007-2010)
5. David Cameron (May 2010 – July 2016)
6. Theresa May (July 2016- July 2019)
7. Boris Johnson (July 2019 – Sept 2022)
8. Liz Truss ( Sept 2022 – Oct 2022)
9. Rishi Sunak ( Oct 2022 – July 2024)
10. Sir Keir Starmer (July 2024 – )

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The Republic Day is a very monumental day in Ghana’s history celebrated annually every 1st of July in due recognition of Ghana’s establishment as a sovereign state thereby creating a Republic on 1st July, 1960.

The Republic Day in Ghana was celebrated as a public holiday till 2019 when the Public Holiday Ammendment Bill was passed in 2019 making it a commemorative holiday.

On July 1st 1960, three years after 6th March 1957, when the Ghanaian Anatomy gained independence from Britain, Ghana was declared a Republic after a constitutional referendum and general elections which transitioned Dr. Nkrumah from Prime Minister to President.

Republic Day has also been known as Senior Citizens’ Day which marks a day to celebrate the contributions of senior citizens in the development of Ghana.

Ghana has been under four Republics and is currently under the last office of President Nana Akufo-Addo in the fourth Republic after over 3 decades of uninterrupted Democratic Sovereignty.

Below are the list of Presidents who have ruled the Ghanaian Anatomy.

1ST REPUBLIC
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah – 1960 to 1966 (Convention People’s Party)

Gen. Joseph Arthur Ankrah 1966 – 1969 (National Liberation Council)

Gen. Akwasi Afrifa (National Liberation Council; April 1969 – August 1970)

2ND REPUBLIC

Dr. Abrefi Busia (Prime Minister; October 1969 – January 13th 1972; Progress Party)

Dr. Edward Akufo-Addo (Ceremonial President; 31st August 1970 – 13th January 1972)

Gen. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (National Redemption Council and Supreme Military Council) (1972- 1978)

Fred Akuffo (Supreme Military Council; July 1978 – August 1979)

Flt. Lieut. Jerry Rawlings (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council) (June 4th 1979 – September 1979)

3RD REPUBLIC

Dr. Hilla Limann (24th September 1979 – 31st December 1981) (People’s National Party)

Flt. Lieut. Jerry Rawlings (Provisional National Defence Council) (31st December 1981 – 7th January 1994)

4TH REPUBLIC
Flt. Lieut. Jerry Rawlings (National Democratic Congress)
(7th January 1994 -7th January 2001)

John Agyekum Kuffuor (New Patriotic Party) (7th January 2001 – 7th January 2009)

John Atta Mills (National Democratic Congress) (7th January 2009 – 24th July 2012)

John Dramani Mahama (National Democratic Congress) (24th July 2012 – 7th January 2017)

Nana Akufo-Addo (New Patriotic Party) (7th January 2017 – 7th January 2025)

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Ramesses 11 1303 BC was the third Pharaoh of Egypt and in the hereditary line of rulers, the nineteenth ruler of Egypt. He is one of the most revered and admired rulers of Egypt. This is because of the Liberation he brought to his kingdom. He built and developed towns into cities, built temples and monuments and also made Pi-Rameses his administrative base, where he was working from. He made Pi~Rameses the capital of Egypt. He regained dominion over Canaan and Phoenicia.

Ramesses 11’s reign so far, has been the longest term of office in Egypt and is called by his Successors from his dynasty as “The Great Ancestor”. He begun his office of rulership just at a young age at age 14, where he was a Prince Regent in 1279 BC.

Ramesses 11 graced at least 13 Sed festivals during his reign. Sources from Pacesetters of AFRICAN VOICES INTERNATIONAL reveal that, he died in either 1213/12 BC thus, at age 90 or 91. His body was also buried in the Valley of the Kings but later moved to the tomb of the high Priest Pinedjem. His mummy was afterwards moved to a royal cache and is being displayed at the Egyptian Museum.

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The city of Tulsa is is located in the United States of America, at Oklahoma. The City was known at the time to be very populated with “Black Natives.” Tulsa had about 10,000 Blacks living there with a very productive business center known as the Black Wall Street. The Tulsa Anatomy was full of Unity, Love and Respect for each other. Terrorist acts begun in the city of Tulsa in 1921, which led to lives being displaced and destroyed during the course of the Tulsa Massacre from May 31 to June 1, in the year 1921.

The Tulsa Race Massacre which started begun when Dick Rowland 19 was stated of having assaulted Sarah Page 17. Dick Rowland was taken into custody but after sometime, residents heard from under sources, that he was going to be killed, because this had happened before the last year as Roy Belton, a white man was lynched. About white 100 men were surrounded around the jail. This triggered about 75 black men including Veterans from World War 1, to also go and see to it that Rowland would not be killed. The Sherif there by name Sheriff McCullough brought in various defences to prevent the Black Men from invading the prison yard and asked them to go.

Post this, lots of whites under the pretext of secondary white oppressors were provided with weapons to destroy homes and all that they could see in Tulsa, particularly at the Greenwood District. This was not an appealing note to some Blacks who after seeing the stand of Whites trying to ruin the city, tried to fight back, which led to The Tulsa Race Massacre.

About 10,000 black people became homeless during the Massacre. The terrorists burnt at least 35 huge buildings in Tulsa, injured at least 800 people with at least 36 people annihilated. There were a couple of incidents already ravaging the city of Tulsa. A black Man was asked by a white man to return his pistol after they left the prison yard in defence of Rowland. The Black Man by name O.B. Mann refused and the old man tried to take his pistol but he was shot by Mann, and this led to 12 people loosing their lives (10 white and 2 blacks).

Thousands of whites came into the streets of Greenwood District burning homes and businesses after the blacks left the prison in defence for Rowland. Sources from Pacesetters of African Voices International also reveal that, these injustices led to about 1,256 housed being burnt.

The charges against Rowland were dropped. In 1996, a commission by name The Oklahoma Commission which was formed from a bipartisan movement decided to study the Tulsa Massacre and come out with a final report. After the final report, their study revealed that there were certain Social Injustices which had been planned by Whites against Blacks in the city of Tulsa. They recommended that various scholarships and reparations be given to all natives of the victims affected by the Tulsa Race Massacre, which has been ongoing. They also recommended that a Park be constructed in memory of The Tulsa Massacre Victims. The park was made available in 2010. Since 2020, the history of the Tulsa Massacre has become a part of all schools in Oklahoma’s curriculum. Sources from Pacesetters of AFRICAN VOICES INTERNATIONAL also reveal that at least 100 people lost their lives.

Post the 1921 Massacre, Black Tulsans have rebuilt the city. The Commission was renamed the Tulsa Race Massacre Commission in November 2018. A lot of Survivors left Tulsa but came back to help in the rebuilding of the city and become full residents of the city again.

We must live as one Anatomy and The GLOBAL FREEDOM BOARD of AFRICAN VOICES INTERNATIONAL mends The Tulsa Race Massacre Commission for the various recommendations they made and measures they implemented to put the Tulsa City back in place. Rejuventaion can only take place, when we begin to live in Freedom.

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The Mozambique Civil War was a war that begun in 1977 two years after Mozambique gained Independence from Portugal, which was in 1975. There was unrest between MOZAMBIQUE LIBERATION FRONT(FRELIMO) which steered the Political Anatomy in Power, and headed by Samora Moisés Machel and RENAMO (MOZAMBIQUE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT) which was in opposition to FRELIMO and headed by André Matsangaissa. FRELIMO was supported by The Soviet Union whilst RENAMO was mainly supported by Rhodesia and later Kenya and South Africa.

The war took place for 15 years as it ended on 4th October, 1992. The cause of the war dates back to 1976 when military personnel from Rhodesia which was at the time controlled by the Whites came to Mozambique, to loosen the strengths of the ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY(ZANLA), which had most of their soldiers in Mozambique. The Rhodesian Soldiers freed André Matsangaissa who was once a part of FRELIMO, and in the course arrested and jailed.

André Matsangaissa when freed, joined The RENAMO Anatomy in 1975, and became the head of the Front Millitary Anatomy. Matsangaissa died in 1979 when there was a plot which was not successful, against the Mozambican Regional Centre but however, leaving André Matsangaissa dead.

AFONSO DHLAKAMA after the death of André Matsangaissa, became the new Head of RENAMO. The RENAMO Anatomy fought against the Political Anatomy of Mozambique which was spearheaded by FRELIMO Anatomy at the point in time. RENAMO lost support from Rhodesia when President Mugabe came to power and changed the name of Rhodesia to Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean National Anatomy now under the leadership of President Mugabe was now supporting the FRELIMO Anatomy but RENAMO got support from Kenya and South Africa.

The RENAMO Anatomy invaded towns and less inhabited cities to get more people trained as soldiers in her army. Children were all trained and they brought a new act called Gamdira where they made village women prepare food, send goods and products, weapons to their members in other vicinities and towns. Injutices went on there as not only were children engaging in Millitary activities but most of the RENAMO soldiers also slept with the women in the villages. The struggle became massive now between RENAMO and FRELIMO. In the course of the fight, France and the United Kingdom together with the Soviet Union and Rhodesia provided support for FRELIMO whilst The United States joined Kenya and South Africa in supporting The RENAMO Anatomy.

The leader of FRELIMO; President Samora Moisés Machel passed away when his airplane crashed around the borders of South Africa. This led to Joaquim Alberto Chissano succeeding President Machel. About a million died during this war which took place for 15 years.

Mozambique implemented a new democratic constitution that opened the door for Multi-Party Elections, in 1990. 2 years later(1992), The United Nations signed a Peace Treaty in Italy which provided for Peacekeepers of The United Nations to come to Mozambique and also help steer affairs correctly in Mozambique. In 1994, after the Peacekeepers came, Mozambique had their first Free Elections with FRELIMO winning the Elections with Joaquim Chissano of FRELIMO winning the 88 percent voter turnout Elections over Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO with 53. 30 percent of the votes.

AFRICAN VOICES INTERNATIONAL is elated about the Rejuvenation, The National Anatomy of Mozambique is enjoying currently as she enjoys sound Democratic Freedom with President Filipe Nyusi, currently in his second term of office as President of the country. FREEDOM IS SECURITY and Africa can only get better when we defend our Security, walk in Unity and in Tranquility, to the highest pedestal.

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The Angolan Civil War begun in 1975 just after Angola took Political Sovereignty from the Portuguese Anatomy, in November that same year. The Portuguese were exhausted with their dominion over the foreign land, they were in and decided to leave in November 1975. Now, post this, there was a heated power struggle between three Anatomies in Angola who were opposed to the Colonial administration of Portugal, when they were in power. These Anatomies were by name, The People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola(MPLA), The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and National Front for The Liberation of Angola (FNLA).

The three Anatomies which became Major Political Parties in Angola were all in conflicts regarding the adminstration of their Nation. They fought amongst themselves and this led to huge atrocities in the country. The FNLA s had support from DR CONGO initially called Zaire and The MPLA had support from The Soviet Union and Cuba, whilst UNITA had massive supporr from people in Angola, but no main support internationally. The Portuguese left Angola suddenly and did not hand power to any Political Anatomy in Angola. The MPLA Anatomy who were mostly situated around Luanda announced to the nation as the holders of The new Administrative unit of the Political Anatomy in Angola. They were celebrated and congratulated by countries in Africa but this did not go down well with UNITA and FNLA and they set up an oppositionary administration in their quest to evacuate the MPLA fully from power. South African Soldiers also came to assist UNITA and FNLA whilst Cuban soldiers ranging to about 50,000 came in massively to defend the MPLA and drove all South Africans out of Angola. President Neto died in 1979 and was replaced by President José Eduardo Dos Santos. The FNLA gradually became weaker whilst The United States supported supported UNITA from 1985 with various weapons to attack the MPLA. Later in 1987, The MPLA attacked UNITA in 1987 with airforces whilst South Africans returned back to support UNITA from being captured by MPLA. In the 90s the MPLA ended the One-Party regime and brought forgh a new Democratic Constitution with UNITA members involved. Elections was held in 1992 and Mr. Santos won with his party, MPLA. The UNITAs were unhappy about this as they complained of various injustices in the election and unaccepted the results. They started the war again but most of their representatives in Luanda were annihilated. Sanctions were made against UNITA in 1993 but in the following year, the Government enacted a Reconciliation act by name, The Lusaka Accord whch brought the MPLA and UNITA together and part of the Government.

From 2000, UNITA and MPLA became disjointed again as the UNITA delegates were dissolved from the Government. They then signed a peace agreement again in April 2002. They kept on having Peace Negotiations till 2006. The Country started sprouting Democratically and stronger since then, till now. President Dos Santos stepped down as President in September 2017 and Mr. Lourenco took over.

Cabinda was another threat as this area belonged to DR CONGO but Portugal took over and it became a part of Angola from 1975 but the various Anatomies fought over this area to the 80s, but it has remained a territory of Angola’s till now.

AFRICAN VOICES INTERNATIONAL entreats all Political Parties to engage in Decent Party Politics, eschew rivalries and walk in healthy social relationships for the Rejuvenation of our societies, and the Global Anatomy.

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